2024年10期
浅谈高中英语完型填空中词类活用现象
【关键词】 完型填空，词汇量，词类活用；
【正文】在高中英语教学过程中，我们经常发现一些学生在做完型填空时眉头紧锁，无从下笔，质量不高。而在对学生的问卷调查中也得知完型填空是一套完整试题中最不受学生喜欢的题型。学生的畏惧和退缩让笔者感到必须尽快采取行之有效的方法来作为突破口，以此来引导学生们一步步地破解完型这道难题，培养他们的做题兴趣，让一些技巧题不再丢分，从而增强学生的自信心和对英语学科学习的兴趣。
学生在课后常与笔者交流时提出这样的疑问：完型填空中某些空白处给出的选项让人有些“琢磨不透”，出现的有简单熟悉的词汇，也有一些生难的词汇，该作何选择呢？一些同学认为完型之所以有难度就难在词汇上，因此在拿不准的情况之下避开了大家都熟悉的简单的词汇而去“铤而走险”，选择完全陌生的词汇，结果惨痛失分。结合句法句意，上下文，作者情感等因素，是什么让一些我们熟悉的词汇“脱颖而出”呢？其实这就是一种常见的完型设题技巧——词类活用。现在我们不妨来看看一些例证。在某金匮卷命题猜想（六）这套试题中，该篇完型填空有这样一个句子：Then tears started __25__ down their cheeks.其大意为“眼泪开始从他们的脸颊上流下来。”选项A.flowing B.streaming C.breaking D.falling 此处很显然需要动词填空，而B选项在我们的词汇中最初是作为名词积累的，意为“小溪流，溪水”。现在将其与其他几个明显都是动词的词汇放在一起进行辨义，说明此处的stream不同于其他三个选项的特点就呼之欲出了——词类活用。因此应该取其动词的含义，即名词用作动词，意为“泪水像潺潺溪流一样润湿了他们的面庞”，这样一来，既体现用词的生动，又使人物形象跃然纸上。
又如某高三AB滚动测试示范卷（十七）中，该篇完型填空有这样一个句子：Then I became an adult, after passing the right of passage of bills and debt, and noticed the question no longer__22__.其大意为“我成年后，度过了人生的债务危机之后，就再未察觉这样的问题_____.”选项A.mattered B.existed C.appeared D.happened.此处同样考查动词辨义。不过A选项在我们的词汇积累中第一印象肯定是名词，表示“事情，事件” ，那么放在此处用作动词的含义是什么呢？所以在词类活用中我们就会明白，matter用作动词是其很重要的一个词性和用法，意为“要紧，重要，关乎紧要”。It matters(a lot).这很重要；It doesn’t matter (at all).没关系，不要紧，是不是很熟悉了呢？
再如某模拟精编英语试题（七）中，该完型填空有两处这样的例证。一处为Eventually I had to sell everything in my home in a one-day sale to try to ___14__my debts and get back on my feet.大意为“最终我不得不在一天之内变卖所有家当来_____ 债务，重整旗鼓。”选项A.escape B.uncover C.drive D.clear.根据选项D除了我们熟悉的形容词词意“干净的，清楚的”，以及动词意“清理，打扫；天放晴”之外，如clear my room, the sky cleared up,此处为形容词用作动词，意为“还清或偿还债务”。另外一处为Back in July，2012, in a post(帖子)_____Hunger Hurt,I wrote on my blog that poverty isn’t just having no heating.大意为“时间回到了2012年的七月份，在一个__16___ Hunger Hurt的网帖上，我在自己的博客上写道原来穷困不仅仅是没有暖气这么简单。”选项A.titled B.covered C.repeated D.dealt.根据句意Hunger Hurt应为网贴的名称，而title本意为名词“头衔，名称，名字”，此处用作动词，译为“名称为，叫做......”，类似于名词name作动词的用法。此处不仅考查了词类的活用，还考查了活用为动词后，其非谓语动词形式在句中充当后置定语，是一种词类活用较为高级的体现，不过首先明白此处为词类活用是同学们解决问题的关键所在。
类似的用法不胜枚举，主要是名词，动词，形容词三大词性之间的转换，尤以名词和动词之间的转换居多。笔者整理了其中一些常见的词汇并进行了首字母排序，希望能够给同学们一些学习上的帮助和启示。
1. act(n.行动)Vi.起作用，奏效
It takes a couple of minutes for the drug to act.
2. address(n.地址)Vt.称呼；向......发表演说；致辞
The president should be addressed as “Mr President”
He’s going to address the meeting in a minute.
3. arm(n.手臂；武器)Vt.武装，配备
Police said the man was armed with guns.
4. block(n.街区；建筑群)Vt.阻碍，阻塞
Heavy snow is blocking all roads into Scotland.
5. can(n.罐头)Vt.把......做成罐头
Mother is canning the fruits.
6. change(v.变化)n.零钱
Have you got change for a five-pound note?
7. cover(n.封面)v.覆盖；采访，报道；走完（路程）；支 付......费用
The ground was covered with heavy snow.
The reporter is covering the famous film star.
The soldiers should cover 100 miles a day.
The amount of money could cover your daily expenses.
8. desert(n.沙漠)v.抛弃，遗弃
The poor boy was deserted and fortunately adopted by a rich couple.
9. flood(n.洪水)v.大量涌入
A crowd of people flooded the meeting hall.
10. head(n.头部)v.动身去，朝......走去
The ship was heading for Shanghai.
11. matter(n.事情，事件)v.有关系，要紧
What you said matters a lot to me.
12. mind(n.心思)v.在乎，介意；照看，留心
Would you mind my opening the windows?
Mind my bike while I go into the shop, please.
13. monitor(n.班长；监视器)v.持续观察（某人某事）
The teacher has been monitoring the performance of the students.
14. park(n.公园)v.停车
Your car is very badly parked.
15. present(n.礼物)v.提出；颁发；赠送；adj.在场的， 出席的
He presented his idea bravely at the meeting.
The headmaster presented the scholarship to the students.
Many scientists were present at the meeting.
16. promise(n.诺言)v.答应；有希望
Mom promised to buy me a model airplane.
It promised to be sunny tomorrow.
17. question(n.问题)v.询问；盘问；质疑
He was questioned by the police for nearly ten hours.
Her honesty has never been questioned.
18. spot(n.地点，场所；斑点)v.发现
She spotted her friend in the crowd.
19. volunteer(n.志愿者)v.自愿做某事
Nowadays many young people volunteer to help others.
20. state(n.状态；国家)v.陈述或说明某事
He stated positively that he had never lied to her.
参考文献：
[1]2014年天府名校四七九模拟精编卷
[2]2015年天府名校四七九模拟精编卷
[3]2015四川高考命题猜想卷
[4]2016全国100所名校高三AB滚动测试示范卷
[5]2017全国100所名校高三AB滚动测试示范卷
学生在课后常与笔者交流时提出这样的疑问：完型填空中某些空白处给出的选项让人有些“琢磨不透”，出现的有简单熟悉的词汇，也有一些生难的词汇，该作何选择呢？一些同学认为完型之所以有难度就难在词汇上，因此在拿不准的情况之下避开了大家都熟悉的简单的词汇而去“铤而走险”，选择完全陌生的词汇，结果惨痛失分。结合句法句意，上下文，作者情感等因素，是什么让一些我们熟悉的词汇“脱颖而出”呢？其实这就是一种常见的完型设题技巧——词类活用。现在我们不妨来看看一些例证。在某金匮卷命题猜想（六）这套试题中，该篇完型填空有这样一个句子：Then tears started __25__ down their cheeks.其大意为“眼泪开始从他们的脸颊上流下来。”选项A.flowing B.streaming C.breaking D.falling 此处很显然需要动词填空，而B选项在我们的词汇中最初是作为名词积累的，意为“小溪流，溪水”。现在将其与其他几个明显都是动词的词汇放在一起进行辨义，说明此处的stream不同于其他三个选项的特点就呼之欲出了——词类活用。因此应该取其动词的含义，即名词用作动词，意为“泪水像潺潺溪流一样润湿了他们的面庞”，这样一来，既体现用词的生动，又使人物形象跃然纸上。
又如某高三AB滚动测试示范卷（十七）中，该篇完型填空有这样一个句子：Then I became an adult, after passing the right of passage of bills and debt, and noticed the question no longer__22__.其大意为“我成年后，度过了人生的债务危机之后，就再未察觉这样的问题_____.”选项A.mattered B.existed C.appeared D.happened.此处同样考查动词辨义。不过A选项在我们的词汇积累中第一印象肯定是名词，表示“事情，事件” ，那么放在此处用作动词的含义是什么呢？所以在词类活用中我们就会明白，matter用作动词是其很重要的一个词性和用法，意为“要紧，重要，关乎紧要”。It matters(a lot).这很重要；It doesn’t matter (at all).没关系，不要紧，是不是很熟悉了呢？
再如某模拟精编英语试题（七）中，该完型填空有两处这样的例证。一处为Eventually I had to sell everything in my home in a one-day sale to try to ___14__my debts and get back on my feet.大意为“最终我不得不在一天之内变卖所有家当来_____ 债务，重整旗鼓。”选项A.escape B.uncover C.drive D.clear.根据选项D除了我们熟悉的形容词词意“干净的，清楚的”，以及动词意“清理，打扫；天放晴”之外，如clear my room, the sky cleared up,此处为形容词用作动词，意为“还清或偿还债务”。另外一处为Back in July，2012, in a post(帖子)_____Hunger Hurt,I wrote on my blog that poverty isn’t just having no heating.大意为“时间回到了2012年的七月份，在一个__16___ Hunger Hurt的网帖上，我在自己的博客上写道原来穷困不仅仅是没有暖气这么简单。”选项A.titled B.covered C.repeated D.dealt.根据句意Hunger Hurt应为网贴的名称，而title本意为名词“头衔，名称，名字”，此处用作动词，译为“名称为，叫做......”，类似于名词name作动词的用法。此处不仅考查了词类的活用，还考查了活用为动词后，其非谓语动词形式在句中充当后置定语，是一种词类活用较为高级的体现，不过首先明白此处为词类活用是同学们解决问题的关键所在。
类似的用法不胜枚举，主要是名词，动词，形容词三大词性之间的转换，尤以名词和动词之间的转换居多。笔者整理了其中一些常见的词汇并进行了首字母排序，希望能够给同学们一些学习上的帮助和启示。
1. act(n.行动)Vi.起作用，奏效
It takes a couple of minutes for the drug to act.
2. address(n.地址)Vt.称呼；向......发表演说；致辞
The president should be addressed as “Mr President”
He’s going to address the meeting in a minute.
3. arm(n.手臂；武器)Vt.武装，配备
Police said the man was armed with guns.
4. block(n.街区；建筑群)Vt.阻碍，阻塞
Heavy snow is blocking all roads into Scotland.
5. can(n.罐头)Vt.把......做成罐头
Mother is canning the fruits.
6. change(v.变化)n.零钱
Have you got change for a five-pound note?
7. cover(n.封面)v.覆盖；采访，报道；走完（路程）；支 付......费用
The ground was covered with heavy snow.
The reporter is covering the famous film star.
The soldiers should cover 100 miles a day.
The amount of money could cover your daily expenses.
8. desert(n.沙漠)v.抛弃，遗弃
The poor boy was deserted and fortunately adopted by a rich couple.
9. flood(n.洪水)v.大量涌入
A crowd of people flooded the meeting hall.
10. head(n.头部)v.动身去，朝......走去
The ship was heading for Shanghai.
11. matter(n.事情，事件)v.有关系，要紧
What you said matters a lot to me.
12. mind(n.心思)v.在乎，介意；照看，留心
Would you mind my opening the windows?
Mind my bike while I go into the shop, please.
13. monitor(n.班长；监视器)v.持续观察（某人某事）
The teacher has been monitoring the performance of the students.
14. park(n.公园)v.停车
Your car is very badly parked.
15. present(n.礼物)v.提出；颁发；赠送；adj.在场的， 出席的
He presented his idea bravely at the meeting.
The headmaster presented the scholarship to the students.
Many scientists were present at the meeting.
16. promise(n.诺言)v.答应；有希望
Mom promised to buy me a model airplane.
It promised to be sunny tomorrow.
17. question(n.问题)v.询问；盘问；质疑
He was questioned by the police for nearly ten hours.
Her honesty has never been questioned.
18. spot(n.地点，场所；斑点)v.发现
She spotted her friend in the crowd.
19. volunteer(n.志愿者)v.自愿做某事
Nowadays many young people volunteer to help others.
20. state(n.状态；国家)v.陈述或说明某事
He stated positively that he had never lied to her.
参考文献：
[1]2014年天府名校四七九模拟精编卷
[2]2015年天府名校四七九模拟精编卷
[3]2015四川高考命题猜想卷
[4]2016全国100所名校高三AB滚动测试示范卷
[5]2017全国100所名校高三AB滚动测试示范卷
- 【发布时间】2018/7/31 9:41:18
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