论英语段落大意与主题句
【关键词】 ;
【正文】 摘 要:段落主题句是指段落中能概括其大意的一句话,是作者对该段落的评价或总结。本文围绕英语主题句,分析了英汉语言思维方式差异,以指导如何利用主题句来提升英语阅读理解和书面表达的教学。
关键词:主题句;思维方式;英语阅读理解;书面表达
一、 引言
我教八年级英语,使用的是上海教育出版社出版(以下简称“沪教版”)教材。在讲八年级上册第6单元Ancient stories中More practice部分The story of 100,000 arrows时,学生采用三种方法总结每段的段落大意:用段落的第一句或者最后一句来总结该段的大意;用段落的中间某一句话或者两句话来总结该段的大意;用自己的话语来总结该段的大意。他们对英语段落大意和主题句认识不清晰,阻碍对整篇课文的阅读理解。
二、 段落大意和段落主题句
(一) 段落大意和段落主题句
段落大意(main idea)是对段落中最重要信息的概括。在故事中,这类信息应包括故事的人物、情景、具体事件等,可通过抓住段落主题句来归纳其大意。而段落主题句(topic sentence)是指段落中能概括其大意的一句话,是作者对该段落的评价或总结。根据 Brooks and Warren,主题句是“a kind of backbone, a spine, which supports the body of the paragraph and around which the rest of the structure is formed”,起提纲挈领的作用。段落主题句可出现在段首、段尾或者段中,所表达的意思就是段落大意。因此,辨别段落主题句是理解段落大意的捷径,但并不是每一个段落都具备主题句,因为段落主题句应符合以下特征:
(1)每段有且只有一个主题句;(2)主题句必须是一个完整的句子;(3)使用准确、简洁、概括性关键词语。
(二)英汉段落结构差异
中国传统的思维方式是整体性的,注重“天人合一”,崇尚一种整体意义上的和谐观。以群体为本位,群体的重要性大于个体的重要性。而西方人的思维方式是分析式的,强调事物本身的特征。更关注“个体”,认为人人都是独立的、自由的个体。
大脑的思维方式指导着语言的生成和发展,所以东西方思维方式的不同会带来英汉语言表达的差异。
胡曙中指出:“英语段落发展呈典型的直线性,这是英语段落连贯性的一种特殊类型。段落中的意思以有序的顺序清晰地互相联系。在展开中心意思的过程中,段落中的每一个句子应该顺其自然地从每一个前面的句子中产生出来。”英语段落常表现为开门见山地叙述段落的中心意思,把话题放在段首,以表达主题,并引起读者的注意。
汉语段落或篇章常呈现螺旋式,缺少直接性,“总是绕着主题的外围转,而不直接从主题入手展开讨论”。中国人在表达思想时,先把思想发散出去,然后再收拢回来,落到原来的起点上,即“形散而神不散”。
三、 在英语阅读理解和书面表达中的应用
英语阅读理解和书面表达是英语综合能力表现的两个重要方面。阅读是信息的获取,而写作是信息的输出。由于受到母语汉语的影响,中国学生在英语读写两方面面临很多问题。
(一) 英语阅读理解
英语阅读能力常表现为阅读速度(reading speed)和理解能力(comprehension)。速度和理解相互矛盾,但又需保持均衡。阅读的首要目的是理解文章的主旨大意。文章是由段落组成的,所以,理解段落的大意是关键,即抓住段落的主题句。教学中,应教学生寻找主题句,归纳段落大意。
例如,沪教版教材8A第7单元Memory里的阅读课文Memory corner。文章是由三篇小短文组成的,是三个学生分别介绍如何提高记忆力的方法。学生可通过抓每篇小短文(或者每个自然段)的主题句来理解文章内容,且主题句均位于每段的段首,分别是:
1)A great way to help you remember something is to imagine a picture of it in your mind.
2)A good method for remembering the spelling of a word is to make a short sentence with each letter of the word.
3)You will forget something very quickly unless you understand it well.
当然,有些文章段落没有主题句。应在分析并理解内容后,用完整、简洁的句子概括出该段主题。
如,沪教版教材8A第2单元Numbers里的The king and the rice中第6自然段:
The king and the old man played the game for a long time. Finally, the old man won. So the king ordered his men to collect a bag of rice. He put one grain on the first square, two on the second, and so on. The king quickly realized the problem - even with all the rice in the country, he would still not have enough rice to put on all the sqaures!
该段讲述的是国王向老人挑战下国际象棋的结果。段落大意应从国王和老人两个角度来总结概括。如,The wise old man won, but the king did not have enough rice to give him。
因此,主题句对英语语篇的分析尤为重要,能加快英语阅读速度,并提高理解能力。
(二) 英语书面表达
很多八年级学生反映英语书面表达很难。他们在文章结构和句子表达上很容易受汉语思维的影响。我给学生布置了两个作文题目。一个是熟悉的话题,写My mother。学生觉得有话可说,也有话愿说。另一个是My invention(沪教版教材8A第4单元Inventions)。学生反映写起来很难,力不从心,难以起笔。以下是某学生的初稿。
My mother
I have a good mother.
My mother is forty-five years old. She works in a factory from 8:00 to 16:00. She works very hard. She often helps me with my homework. She is very busy. When I have difficulty, my mother always gives me a hand. She is not also my mother, but also my friend and teacher. If I am not happy, she will tell stories to make me laugh. I think my mother is the best mother in the world.
I love my mother.
My invention
My invention is a flying coat. It is fast and convenient.
The flying coat is colorful with different colors. I think it is very beautiful. The flying coat is made from wool. It is soft and expensive.
The flying coat is very fast. It has two wings and a top speed of 1km/min. If you have a flying coat, you will go to school or anywhere in a very short time and never get late. In addition, it can keep you off traffic accidents.
The flying coat is very convenient. If you wear it, you will fly in the sky. What’s more, it can also keep you warm.
I hope I can succeed.
后来,我给学生强调了主题句的作用,并指导学生用英语语篇模式来构建文章和段落结构。以下是学生修改后的版本。相比初稿,文章主题句明显,结构清晰,更符合地道英语作文的排篇布局。
My mother
I have a good mother. She is not also my mother but also my teacher and friend.
She is forty-five years old and her job is a worker. Every day, she works from 8:00 to 16:00 in a factory and helps me with my homework at home. When I have difficulties, she is always there and gives me a hand. If I am not happy, she will tell stories to make me laugh.
I think my mother is the best mother in the world. I love my mother.
My invention
My invention is a flying coat. It is beautiful, fast and convenient.
The flying coat is made from special materials, but it feels very soft. There are many colors and flower pictures on it. It looks beautiful.
It can fly at a top speed of 1km/min. You can go to school or anywhere in a very short time and never get late. In addition, it can also keep you off traffic accidents.
If you wear the flying coat in summer, you will feel cool. If you wear it in winter, it will keep you warm.
I’m sure my flying coat will be a big success in the future.
四、 结语
在初中英语教学过程中,英语阅读理解和书面表达是英语语言综合能力中的重要组成部分。中国学生缺乏英语语言的学习环境,汉语语言的思维模式已在他们头脑中根深蒂固,英语教师应该利用英语主题句来指导教学,促进学生英语阅读和写作能力的提升。
参考文献:
[1] Brooks, Cleanth & Robert Penn Warren. Modern Rhetoric(4thed.)[M]. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanorich, INC. 1979.
[2]胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1993:162.
[3] Kaplan, R.B. Cultural Thought Patterns in Intercultural Education (1996) [A]. In T. Silva & P.K. Matsuda (eds) Landmark Essays on ESL Writing [C]. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001.
作者简介:杨丹,陕西省西安市长安区鸣犊街道初级中学、硕士研究生、教师、陕西省西安市长安区鸣犊街道初级中学。
关键词:主题句;思维方式;英语阅读理解;书面表达
一、 引言
我教八年级英语,使用的是上海教育出版社出版(以下简称“沪教版”)教材。在讲八年级上册第6单元Ancient stories中More practice部分The story of 100,000 arrows时,学生采用三种方法总结每段的段落大意:用段落的第一句或者最后一句来总结该段的大意;用段落的中间某一句话或者两句话来总结该段的大意;用自己的话语来总结该段的大意。他们对英语段落大意和主题句认识不清晰,阻碍对整篇课文的阅读理解。
二、 段落大意和段落主题句
(一) 段落大意和段落主题句
段落大意(main idea)是对段落中最重要信息的概括。在故事中,这类信息应包括故事的人物、情景、具体事件等,可通过抓住段落主题句来归纳其大意。而段落主题句(topic sentence)是指段落中能概括其大意的一句话,是作者对该段落的评价或总结。根据 Brooks and Warren,主题句是“a kind of backbone, a spine, which supports the body of the paragraph and around which the rest of the structure is formed”,起提纲挈领的作用。段落主题句可出现在段首、段尾或者段中,所表达的意思就是段落大意。因此,辨别段落主题句是理解段落大意的捷径,但并不是每一个段落都具备主题句,因为段落主题句应符合以下特征:
(1)每段有且只有一个主题句;(2)主题句必须是一个完整的句子;(3)使用准确、简洁、概括性关键词语。
(二)英汉段落结构差异
中国传统的思维方式是整体性的,注重“天人合一”,崇尚一种整体意义上的和谐观。以群体为本位,群体的重要性大于个体的重要性。而西方人的思维方式是分析式的,强调事物本身的特征。更关注“个体”,认为人人都是独立的、自由的个体。
大脑的思维方式指导着语言的生成和发展,所以东西方思维方式的不同会带来英汉语言表达的差异。
胡曙中指出:“英语段落发展呈典型的直线性,这是英语段落连贯性的一种特殊类型。段落中的意思以有序的顺序清晰地互相联系。在展开中心意思的过程中,段落中的每一个句子应该顺其自然地从每一个前面的句子中产生出来。”英语段落常表现为开门见山地叙述段落的中心意思,把话题放在段首,以表达主题,并引起读者的注意。
汉语段落或篇章常呈现螺旋式,缺少直接性,“总是绕着主题的外围转,而不直接从主题入手展开讨论”。中国人在表达思想时,先把思想发散出去,然后再收拢回来,落到原来的起点上,即“形散而神不散”。
三、 在英语阅读理解和书面表达中的应用
英语阅读理解和书面表达是英语综合能力表现的两个重要方面。阅读是信息的获取,而写作是信息的输出。由于受到母语汉语的影响,中国学生在英语读写两方面面临很多问题。
(一) 英语阅读理解
英语阅读能力常表现为阅读速度(reading speed)和理解能力(comprehension)。速度和理解相互矛盾,但又需保持均衡。阅读的首要目的是理解文章的主旨大意。文章是由段落组成的,所以,理解段落的大意是关键,即抓住段落的主题句。教学中,应教学生寻找主题句,归纳段落大意。
例如,沪教版教材8A第7单元Memory里的阅读课文Memory corner。文章是由三篇小短文组成的,是三个学生分别介绍如何提高记忆力的方法。学生可通过抓每篇小短文(或者每个自然段)的主题句来理解文章内容,且主题句均位于每段的段首,分别是:
1)A great way to help you remember something is to imagine a picture of it in your mind.
2)A good method for remembering the spelling of a word is to make a short sentence with each letter of the word.
3)You will forget something very quickly unless you understand it well.
当然,有些文章段落没有主题句。应在分析并理解内容后,用完整、简洁的句子概括出该段主题。
如,沪教版教材8A第2单元Numbers里的The king and the rice中第6自然段:
The king and the old man played the game for a long time. Finally, the old man won. So the king ordered his men to collect a bag of rice. He put one grain on the first square, two on the second, and so on. The king quickly realized the problem - even with all the rice in the country, he would still not have enough rice to put on all the sqaures!
该段讲述的是国王向老人挑战下国际象棋的结果。段落大意应从国王和老人两个角度来总结概括。如,The wise old man won, but the king did not have enough rice to give him。
因此,主题句对英语语篇的分析尤为重要,能加快英语阅读速度,并提高理解能力。
(二) 英语书面表达
很多八年级学生反映英语书面表达很难。他们在文章结构和句子表达上很容易受汉语思维的影响。我给学生布置了两个作文题目。一个是熟悉的话题,写My mother。学生觉得有话可说,也有话愿说。另一个是My invention(沪教版教材8A第4单元Inventions)。学生反映写起来很难,力不从心,难以起笔。以下是某学生的初稿。
My mother
I have a good mother.
My mother is forty-five years old. She works in a factory from 8:00 to 16:00. She works very hard. She often helps me with my homework. She is very busy. When I have difficulty, my mother always gives me a hand. She is not also my mother, but also my friend and teacher. If I am not happy, she will tell stories to make me laugh. I think my mother is the best mother in the world.
I love my mother.
My invention
My invention is a flying coat. It is fast and convenient.
The flying coat is colorful with different colors. I think it is very beautiful. The flying coat is made from wool. It is soft and expensive.
The flying coat is very fast. It has two wings and a top speed of 1km/min. If you have a flying coat, you will go to school or anywhere in a very short time and never get late. In addition, it can keep you off traffic accidents.
The flying coat is very convenient. If you wear it, you will fly in the sky. What’s more, it can also keep you warm.
I hope I can succeed.
后来,我给学生强调了主题句的作用,并指导学生用英语语篇模式来构建文章和段落结构。以下是学生修改后的版本。相比初稿,文章主题句明显,结构清晰,更符合地道英语作文的排篇布局。
My mother
I have a good mother. She is not also my mother but also my teacher and friend.
She is forty-five years old and her job is a worker. Every day, she works from 8:00 to 16:00 in a factory and helps me with my homework at home. When I have difficulties, she is always there and gives me a hand. If I am not happy, she will tell stories to make me laugh.
I think my mother is the best mother in the world. I love my mother.
My invention
My invention is a flying coat. It is beautiful, fast and convenient.
The flying coat is made from special materials, but it feels very soft. There are many colors and flower pictures on it. It looks beautiful.
It can fly at a top speed of 1km/min. You can go to school or anywhere in a very short time and never get late. In addition, it can also keep you off traffic accidents.
If you wear the flying coat in summer, you will feel cool. If you wear it in winter, it will keep you warm.
I’m sure my flying coat will be a big success in the future.
四、 结语
在初中英语教学过程中,英语阅读理解和书面表达是英语语言综合能力中的重要组成部分。中国学生缺乏英语语言的学习环境,汉语语言的思维模式已在他们头脑中根深蒂固,英语教师应该利用英语主题句来指导教学,促进学生英语阅读和写作能力的提升。
参考文献:
[1] Brooks, Cleanth & Robert Penn Warren. Modern Rhetoric(4thed.)[M]. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanorich, INC. 1979.
[2]胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1993:162.
[3] Kaplan, R.B. Cultural Thought Patterns in Intercultural Education (1996) [A]. In T. Silva & P.K. Matsuda (eds) Landmark Essays on ESL Writing [C]. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001.
作者简介:杨丹,陕西省西安市长安区鸣犊街道初级中学、硕士研究生、教师、陕西省西安市长安区鸣犊街道初级中学。
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